Body understanding measure for pregnancy scale (BUMPs): Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties among Brazilian pregnant women.

The Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy Scale (BUMPs) is a scale developed and validated for British pregnant women to assess body satisfaction during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and verify the psychometric properties of BUMPs for Brazilian adult pregnant women. The cross-cultural adaptation was performed using translation, back-translation, expert committee, expert analysis, and pre-testing, which showed easy comprehension by pregnant women. Psychometric analyses were evaluated in a sample of 618 pregnant women (31.08 ± 4.94 years old). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in 19 items and three factors, with satisfactory fit indices. BUMPs presented an invariant measurement across white vs. nonwhite women and across the three gestational trimesters. BUMPs showed good indicators of convergent, internal consistency, and test-retest reproducibility validity. It was concluded that the Brazilian version of BUMPs has adequate psychometric properties for Brazilian pregnant women, being an excellent instrument for analyzing body satisfaction in this population, facilitating additional investigations into these constructs.

Sociodemographic, socioeconomic and motivational profile of brazilian triathletes / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños / Perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros

ABSTRACT Introduction: Triathlon can be considered one of the most successful endurance sports worldwide due to the wide dissemination of information, expansion of the offer of competitions, and greater popularity. Objective: To analyze Brazilian triathletes' sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational profiles. Methods: 411 triathletes participated in the study, 127 women [37.87 ± 9.34 years] and 284 men [36.02 ± 9.23 years]. Three questionnaires were sent electronically to assess sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational data. In addition, descriptive analyses and statistical tests were performed to compare motivation between age, sex, and technical level groups. Results: It was found that there is a prevalence of male triathletes, amateurs, aged between 30-40 years, employed and economically favored. Amateur athletes have running as a base sport for Triathlon, and professionals start their sports career through swimming. Among the most practiced distances are the sprint Triathlon and half Ironman. Regarding motivation, women differ in the dimensions of group activity (p=0.020), emotion (p=0.002), and technical competence (p=0.007). Professional triathletes had higher scores in the dimensions of social recognition (p=0.001) and competition (p=0.001) and lower scores in the physical fitness dimension (p=0.005). Triathletes aged between 35 and 49 years had lower averages in the social recognition dimension (p=0.007), (p=0.012) and (p=0.004) and competition (p=0.028), (p=0.008) and (p=0.044) when compared to athletes aged 20 to 29 years. Conclusion: the profile of Brazilian triathletes is diverse, and differences in sex, age, and technical level impacted the motivation of the evaluated triathletes. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnosis test; Study of non-consecutive patients, with no uniformly applied "gold standard".

RESUMEN Introducción: El triatlón puede considerarse uno de los deportes de resistencia de mayor éxito a nivel mundial debido a la gran difusión de información, ampliación de la oferta de competiciones y mayor popularidad. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconómico y motivacional de los triatletas brasileños. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 411 triatletas, 127 mujeres [37,87 ± 9,34 años] y 284 hombres [36,02 ± 9,23 años]. Se enviaron electrónicamente tres cuestionarios para evaluar datos sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y de motivación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas para comparar la motivación entre grupos de edad, sexo y nivel técnico. Resultados: Se encontró que existe un predominio de triatletas masculinos, amateurs, con edades entre 30-40 años, empleados y económicamente favorecidos. Los deportistas aficionados tienen la carrera como deporte base para el Triatlón y los profesionales inician su carrera deportiva a través de la natación. Entre las distancias más practicadas se encuentran el Triatlón sprint y el medio Ironman. Respecto a la motivación, las mujeres difieren en las dimensiones actividad grupal (p=0,020), emoción (p=0,002) y competencia técnica (p=0,007). Los triatletas profesionales obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las dimensiones de reconocimiento social (p=0,001) y competición (p=0,001) y puntuaciones más bajas en la dimensión de condición física (p=0,005). Los triatletas con edades comprendidas entre 35 y 49 años tuvieron medias más bajas en la dimensión reconocimiento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) y (p=0,004) y competición (p=0,028), (p=0,008) y (p=0,044) en comparación con atletas de 20 a 29 años. Conclusión: el perfil de los triatletas brasileños es diverso y las diferencias de sexo, edad y nivel técnico impactaron en la motivación de los triatletas evaluados. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un diagnóstico prueba; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos, sin un "patrón oro" aplicado uniformemente.

RESUMO Introdução: O Triathlon pode ser considerado um dos esportes endurance de maior sucesso mundialmente devido à grande disseminação de informações, ampliação da oferta de competições e maior popularidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, socioeconômico e motivacional de triatletas brasileiros. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 411 triatletas, sendo 127 mulheres [37,87 ± 9,34 anos] e 284 homens [36,02 ± 9,23 anos]. Foram enviados eletronicamente três questionários que avaliam dados sociodemográficos, socioeconômicos e a motivação. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e testes estatísticos para comparar a motivação entre grupos de idade, sexo e nível técnico. Resultados: Verificou-se que há prevalência de triatletas homens, amadores, com faixa etária entre 30-40 anos, empregados e economicamente favorecidos. Atletas amadores possuem a corrida como esporte de base para o Triathlon e profissionais iniciam sua carreira esportiva pela natação. Entre as distâncias mais praticadas estão o Triathlon sprint e meio Ironman. Sobre a motivação, mulheres diferem nas dimensões de atividade de grupo (p=0,020), emoção (p=0,002) e competência técnica (p=0,007). Triatletas profissionais apresentaram maiores pontuações nas dimensões de reconhecimento social (p=0,001) e competição (p=0,001) e menores pontuações na dimensão aptidão física (p=0,005). Triatletas com idades entre 35 a 49 anos obtiveram menores médias na dimensão reconhecimento social (p=0,007), (p=0,012) e (p=0,004) e competição (p=0,028), (p=0,008) e (p=0,044) quando comparados com atletas de 20 a 29 anos. Conclusão: o perfil de triatletas brasileiros é diverso e as diferenças de sexo, idade e nível técnico impactaram na motivação dos triatletas avaliados. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um diagnóstico este; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos, sem "padrão ouro" aplicado de maneira uniforme.

Body Image Assessment Tools in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review.

Pregnancy is a remarkable time and generates several changes in women in a short period. Body image is understood as the mental representation of the body itself, and, although bodily changes are considered healthy, they can impact pregnant women's body image. Problems related to body image during pregnancy can affect the health of the mother and fetus; thus, it is essential for health professionals to detect potential disorders as soon as possible. The objective of this systematic review was to identify instruments for assessing body image in pregnant women, highlighting their main characteristics. To this end, we applied the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to searches in the EMBASE, PubMed, and American Psychological Association databases from 5 January to 10 August 2021. We included studies on adult pregnant women without comorbidities in the validation and adaptation of (sub)scales that analyze components of body image. We excluded studies that considered nonpregnant, adolescent, postpartum, and/or clinical populations, as well as smoking/drug use studies that were not validation studies or did not assess any aspect of body image. We investigated the quality of the studies using the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs. In all, we examined 13 studies. The results point to a growing concern over body image during pregnancy, as there has been an increase in the number of validation and adaptation studies involving scales for different cultures that scrutinize different constructs. The findings suggest that the listed instruments be used in future research.

Cross-Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of SATAQ-4R for brazilian adolescents / Adaptação transcultural e avaliação psicométrica do SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileiros / Adaptación transcultural y evaluación psicométrica del SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileños

The aim of this study was to culturally adapt and to evaluate the psychometric properties of Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) among Brazilian adolescents. This scale evaluates the influence from parents, peers, media and significant others on body image. In the first stage, the conceptual, semantic, operational and content equivalences were assessed. In the second stage, 285 girls (M age = 15.54; SD = 1.59 years old) and 323 boys (M age = 15.34; SD = 1.66 years old) took part. The results from Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a factorial structure composed of 7 factors for girls and 6 factors for boys. Associations between SATAQ-4R and body dissatisfaction, body change behavior, eating attitudes and self-esteem suggested good convergent validity. We concluded that the SATAQ-4R is a valid and reliable instrument for Brazilian adolescents, which is considered a good tool for the evaluation of the beauty ideal internalization and socio-cultural influences. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileiros. Essa escala avalia influência dos pais, amigos, mídia e pessoas próximas na imagem corporal. Na primeira etapa, foram atestadas as equivalências conceitual, semântica, operacional e de conteúdo. Da segunda etapa, participaram 285 meninas (M idade = 15,54; DP = 1,59 anos) e 323 meninos (M idade = 15,34; DP = 1,66 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória apontaram estrutura fatorial com sete fatores para meninas adolescentes e seis fatores para meninos adolescentes. Associações entre SATAQ-4R e medidas de insatisfação corporal, comportamento de mudança corporal, atitudes alimentares e autoestima sugerem boa validade convergente da escala. Conclui-se que o SATAQ-4R é um instrumento válido e confiável para adolescentes brasileiros, sendo alternativa para avaliação da internalização dos padrões ideais de beleza e influências socioculturais. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar culturalmente y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileños. Esta escala evalúa la influencia de los padres, amigos, medios de comunicación y personas importantes en la imagen corporal. En la primera etapa, se atestiguaron las equivalencias conceptuales, semánticas, operativas y de contenido. En la segunda etapa, participaron 285 chicas (M edad = 15.54; DS = 1.59 años) y 323 chicos (M edad = 15.34; DS = 1.66 años). Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostraron una estructura factorial de 7 factores para las chicas y 6 factores para los chicos. Las asociaciones entre el SATAQ-4R e insatisfacción corporal, la conducta del desarrollo corporal, las actitudes alimentarias y la autoestima sugieren una buena validez convergente. Se concluye que el SATAQ-4R es un instrumento válido para adolescentes brasileños y se considera una buena alternativa para la evaluación de la internalización de los ideales de belleza e influencias socioculturales. (AU)

Body Appreciation, Depressive Symptoms, and Self-Esteem in Pregnant and Postpartum Brazilian Women.

Background: During pregnancy and the postpartum period, women experience tremendous biopsychosocial changes in a short period of time. Poor body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem during the perinatal period may cause negative consequences for both the mother and the infant's physiological and psychological health. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem between the three gestational trimesters and the postpartum period. Methods: Participants (N = 1,423 pregnant and postpartum Brazilian women), aged between 18 and 42 years old (M = 29.22; SD = ±5.72), answered questionnaires on body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. BMI was self-reported. Descriptive and nonparametric covariance analysis were performed, comparing women who were in the first, second, and third trimesters and the postpartum period. Results: Body appreciation was significantly higher among women in the third trimester compared to those in the first and second trimester. However, it was lower for women in all three gestational trimesters than for those in the postpartum. There was no difference in self-esteem during pregnancy, but it was significantly lower in the postpartum group. Similarly, depressive symptoms did not vary through pregnant groups but it was significantly higher in the postpartum group. Conclusions: The results showed that the postpartum period can be a difficult experience for women. They presented poor body appreciation and lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms compared to the pregnancy period. Therefore, it is necessary for public health policies to support women in this period, preserving their mental health and making this experience more positive.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Self-Acceptance Scales for Pregnant and Postpartum Women.

Self-acceptance, that is, a person's acceptance of their own psychological and physical attributes, is considered critical for mental wellbeing. A lack of self-acceptance may contribute to the development of psychopathology. In the peripartum period, self-acceptance has particular relevance, as major psychological and body changes are normative during this time. This research presents the development and validation of the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women (SAS-PW) and the Self-Acceptance Scale for Postpartum Women (SAS-PPW). Participants were aged 18-52. In Study 1, we developed 77 items for the SAS-PW and 74 items the SAS-PPW, based on literature review, previous scales, and qualitative study. In Study 2, nine experts and 60 representatives of the target population evaluated the instruments' content validity, leading some items to be excluded and others to be modified. Studies 3 and 4 analyzed the instruments' psychometric qualities among respondents to the instruments, 1254 pregnant women and 607 postpartum women from across Brazil. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with independent samples. The final SAS-PW (10 items and two-factors) and SAS-PPW (14 items and three-factors) demonstrated adequate psychometric quality for use with Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women, respectively.

Child Body Concerns and Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Body Image Scale for Children.

There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7-11 years (M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument's psychometric properties in 571 girls (M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys (M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale's final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.

Translation, Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of SATAQ-4R for Brazilian Children.

BACKGROUND: The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) is one of the most investigated instruments for the evaluation of sociocultural pressure and internalization of the beauty standard, and it is considered to be one of the most robust instruments for this purpose. The most recent version of this questionnaire is the SATAQ-4R, originally designed for adults and teenagers, which has been used in different countries, contexts, and populations. The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian children are appropriate and necessary. OBJECTIVE: The general objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and verify the psychometric qualities of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian girls and boys aged between 7 and 11 years old. METHODS: Study 1 describes the cross-cultural adaptation, from the translation stage to the pretest in children of both sexes (n = 36, M = 8.76, SD = 1.59 years). SATAQ-4R has been demonstrated to be easily understood by Brazilian children. Studies 2 and 3 analyze the psychometric qualities of such an instrument in 566 girls (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23 years) and in 592 boys (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23), respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have been performed with independent samples. RESULTS: Both instruments presented factor structures composed of five factors, good reliability, and convergent validity. CONCLUSION: We concluded that SATAQ-4R-Female and SATAQ-4R-Male are useful tools for evaluating the internalization of beauty standards and of sociocultural pressure on Brazilian children.

Imagem corporal e sexualidade na infância: uma abordagem qualitativa / Body image and sexuality in children: a qualitative approach / Imagen corporal y sexualidad en la infancia: un enfoque cualitativo

A imagem corporal é conceituada como a representação do indivíduo para si. O cerne familiar, os meios sociais e a mídia podem ser listados como relevantes formadores de opinião e consequentes difusores de estereótipos e padrões de estética que se convertem em requisitos de aceitação e inclusão. O objetivo foi identificar referências de imagem corporal e sexualidade entre meninos e meninas de 6 a 11 anos. Os dados foram coletados através de grupos focais com amostras constituídas de quatro escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora/MG. Foram agrupadas categorias por temas similares de acordo com a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temática referente aos aspectos físicos, comportamentais e libidinais. Foi possível identificar falas de cunho sexual relacionadas à imagem corporal das crianças.

The body image is conceited as the individual representation for themselves. The familiar core, the social media and the media vehicles may be listed as the most relevant opinion shapers. They also can be consequent diffusers of stereotypes and beauty patterns that are converted into acceptance and inclusion requirements. The goal of this study was to identify references of body image and sexuality among boys and girls from 6 to 11 years old. The data were collected through focal groups from four municipal public schools of Juiz de Fora/MG. Categories were grouped by similar themes according to the technique of Content and Thematic Analysis, regarding to physical, behavioral and libidinous aspects. In these categories, it was possible identify sexual pronouncements related to the body image of the children.

La imagen corporal es conceptuada como la representación del individuo para sí. El núcleo familiar, los medios sociales y los vehículos mediáticos pueden ser listados como los formadores de opinión y difusores de estereotipos de estética que se convierten en requisitos de aceptación e inclusión. El objetivo fue identificar referencias de imagen corporal y sexualidad entre niños y niñas de 6 a 11 años. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de grupos focales de cuatro escuelas públicas de Juiz de Fora/MG. Se agruparon categorías por temas similares de acuerdo con la técnica de Análisis de Contenido Temático en lo concerniente a los aspectos físicos, comportamentales y libidinales. En estas categorías fue posible identificar los discursos sexuales relacionados con la imagen corporal de los niños.

Translation, Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of SATAQ-4R for Brazilian Children

Abstract Background The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) is one of the most investigated instruments for the evaluation of sociocultural pressure and internalization of the beauty standard, and it is considered to be one of the most robust instruments for this purpose. The most recent version of this questionnaire is the SATAQ-4R, originally designed for adults and teenagers, which has been used in different countries, contexts, and populations. The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian children are appropriate and necessary. Objective The general objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and verify the psychometric qualities of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian girls and boys aged between 7 and 11 years old.Methods: Study 1 describes the cross-cultural adaptation, from the translation stage to the pretest in children of both sexes (n = 36, M = 8.76, SD = 1.59 years). SATAQ-4R has been demonstrated to be easily understood by Brazilian children. Studies 2 and 3 analyze the psychometric qualities of such an instrument in 566 girls (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23 years) and in 592 boys (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23), respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have been performed with independent samples. Results Both instruments presented factor structures composed of five factors, good reliability, and convergent validity. Conclusion We concluded that SATAQ-4R-Female and SATAQ-4R-Male are useful tools for evaluating the internalization of beauty standards and of sociocultural pressure on Brazilian children.

Comparison of pregnant women from public and private health care: a psychological approach / Comparação entre gestantes do setor público e privado da saúde: uma abordagem psicológica

Abstract Objectives: to compare sociodemographic, anthropometric and psychological factors in pregnant women receiving public and private health care, as well as verify the influence of eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety on body attitudes in both sectors. Methods: this study included 386 pregnant women aged 18-46 (mean of 29.32 ± 6.04 years). Instruments were applied to evaluate body attitudes, eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety. Anthropometric and obstetric data were collected. Descriptive, comparative and correlational analyses were performed. Results: troubled sociodemographic characteristics, negative body attitudes, inappropriate eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and high levels of trait and state anxiety were significantly higher among participants receiving public health care (p<0.05). Eating attitudes and self-esteem directly influenced the body attitudes of those receiving public health care (R2 adjusted=0.336, p<0.001) and private health care (R2 adjusted=0.324, p<0.001). Conclusions: it was concluded that the sociodemographic, anthropometric, and psychological factors were more worrying in pregnant women receiving care in the public sector when compared to those of the private sector.

Resumo Objetivos: comparar fatores sociodemográficos, antropométricos e psicológicos em gestantes atendidas pelo setor público e privado da saúde, bem como verificar a influência das atitudes alimentares, dos sintomas depressivos, da autoestima e da ansiedade nas atitudes corporais em ambos os setores. Métodos: foram incluídas 386 gestantes de 18 a 46 anos de idade (média de 29,32 ± 6,04 anos). Foram aplicados instrumentos para avaliar atitudes corporais, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade. Dados antropométricos e obstétricos foram coletados. Análises descritivas, comparativas e correlacionais foram realizadas. Resultados: estruturas sociodemográficas conturbadas, atitudes corporais negativas, atitudes alimentares inadequadas, sintomas depressivos, baixa autoestima e elevados níveis de ansiedade traço e estado foram significantemente maiores nas participantes do setor público (p<0,05). As atitudes alimentares e a autoestima influenciaram diretamente as atitudes corporais das gestantes no setor público (R2 ajustado=0,336; p<0,001) e no privado (R2 ajustado=0,324; p<0,001). Conclusões: concluiu-se que os fatores sociodemográficos, antropométricos e psicológicos avaliados foram mais preocupantes nas gestantes atendidas pelo setor público de saúde quando comparadas àquelas da rede privada.

Inserção da ginástica artística na educação física escolar da cidade de Três Rios-RJ / Insertion of artistic gymnastics in school physical education in the city of Três Rios-RJ / Inserción de la gimnastica artística en la educación física escolar de la ciudad de Tres Rios-RJ

Poucos estudos abordam a inserção da ginástica artística nas aulas de educação física escolar. O objetivo foi verificar se a ginástica artística é ministrada nas aulas de educação física de escolas de Três Rios-RJ. Foram entrevistados 17 professores de educação física de oito escolas diferentes. Foi utilizado um roteiro de perguntas semi estruturado e os dados foram analisados através da criação de categorias. Observou-se que, enquanto alguns professores aplicam a ginástica artística em suas aulas, outros não o fazem. Os motivos para tal foram apresenta-dos. Os entrevistados entendem a importância da modalidade, mas isso não é suficiente para que apliquem a ginástica artística nas escolas. Concluiu-se, com este estudo, que a ginástica artística é ministrada apenas em algumas escolas de Três Rios.

A few studies addressed the insertion of artistic gymnastics in scholar physical education classes. The objective was to verify if the artistic gymnastics is taught in the school physical education of Três Rios-RJ. We interviewed 17 physical education teachers from eight differ-ent schools. A semi-structured interview was used and the data were analyzed through the creation of categories. It has been observed that while some teachers apply artistic gymnastics in their classes, others do not. The reasons for this were presented. The teachers interviewed understand the importance of the modality, but this is not enough to apply the artistic gymnas-tics in schools. We conclude that artistic gymnastics is given only in some schools of Três Rios.

Pocos estudios abordan la inserción de la gimnasia artística en las clases de educación física escolar. El objetivo fue verificar si la gimnasia artística es impartida en las clases de educaci-ón física de escuelas de Tres Rios-RJ. Se entrevistó a 17 profesores de educación física de ocho escuelas. Se utilizó unitinerario de preguntas semiestructuradas y los datos se analizaron mediante la creación de categorías. Se observó que mientras algunos profesores aplican la gimnasia artística en sus clases, otros no lo hacen. Los motivos para ello se presentaron. Los entrevistados entienden la importancia de la modalidad, pero eso no es suficiente para que apliquen la gimnasia artística en las escuelas. Se concluyó que la gimnasia artística se imparte sólo en algunas escuelas de Tres Rios.

Is the Drive for Muscularity Scale a valid and reliable instrument for young adult women?

There is a lack of psychometric studies on scales aiming to evaluate the drive for muscularity in women. This study aimed to test whether the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) yielded reliable and valid scores for assessing the drive for muscularity construct in young adult women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 Brazilian adult women. Exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, estimated internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the DMS's scores were examined. The results of the exploratory factor analysis upheld the original unidimensional structure of the DMS for Brazilian women. The scale presented a significant but weak association with body mass index and risk behaviors for eating disorders. Adequate internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability were found. Future psychometric analyses (convergent and discriminant validity) of the DMS are encouraged to further our understanding of drive for muscularity in women, especially to confirm its unidimensional factor structure. Future research avenues also include examining the reliability and validity of the DMS's scores among women from various cultures.

BODY IMAGE IN CHILDHOOD: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW. / IMAGEM CORPORAL NA INFÂNCIA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the scientific literature regarding the evaluation of body image in children through an integrative literature review. DATA SOURCE: An intersection of the keywords "body image" AND "child" was conducted in Scopus, Medline and Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) databases. The electronic search was based on studies published from January 2013 to January 2016, in order to verify the most current investigations on the subject. Exclusion criteria were: articles in duplicate; no available summaries; not empirical; not assessing any component of body image; the sample did not consider the target age of this research (0 to 12 years old) and/or considered clinical populations; besides articles not fully available. DATA SYNTHESIS: 7,681 references were identified, and, after the exclusion criteria were implemented, 33 studies were analysed. Results showed that the perceptual and attitudinal dimensions focusing on body dissatisfaction were explored, mainly evaluated by silhouette scales. Intervention programs were developed internationally to prevent negative body image in children. CONCLUSIONS: The studies included in this review evaluated specific aspects of body image in children, especially body perception and body dissatisfaction. The creation of specific tools for children to evaluate body image is recommended to promote the psychosocial well being of individuals throughout human development.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a literatura científica referente à avaliação da imagem corporal em crianças por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizado um cruzamento das palavras-chave "body image" AND "child" nas bases de dados Scopus, Medline e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. A pesquisa eletrônica foi feita com base nos estudos publicados de janeiro de 2013 até janeiro de 2016, com o intuito de verificar os mais atuais sobre o tema. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos em duplicata; cujos resumos não estivessem disponíveis; não empíricos; que não avaliassem algum componente da imagem corporal; cuja amostra não considerasse a idade alvo da presente pesquisa (crianças de 0 a 12 anos); que considerassem populações clínicas; e estudos não disponíveis na íntegra. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram identificadas 7.681 referências e, após critérios de exclusão, 33 estudos foram analisados. Os resultados apontaram que as dimensões perceptiva e atitudinal, com foco na insatisfação corporal, têm sido exploradas, sendo avaliadas principalmente por escalas de silhuetas. Programas de intervenção foram desenvolvidos internacionalmente para prevenir o desenvolvimento de imagem corporal negativa em crianças. CONCLUSÕES: As pesquisas incluídas na presente revisão avaliaram aspectos específicos da imagem corporal de crianças, especialmente a percepção corporal e a insatisfação corporal. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de instrumentos específicos para crianças que busquem avaliar diferentes dimensões da imagem corporal, tendo em vista a promoção do bem-estar psicossocial dos indivíduos ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento humano.

Insatisfação, checagem corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em estudantes de cursos da saúde / Body dissatisfaction, body-checking and risk behaviors for eating disorders of undergraduate students of health area

RESUMO Objetivos Comparar os níveis de insatisfação corporal, checagem corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares entre graduandas de diferentes cursos da área de saúde, bem como avaliar a associação da checagem corporal e a insatisfação corporal, em cada curso de graduação. Métodos Participaram 92 universitárias com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, da cidade de Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, que responderam a instrumentos de autorrelato sobre: dados sociodemográficos, insatisfação corporal (Body Shape Questionnaire), comportamentos de checagem corporal (Body Checking Questionnaire) e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares (Eating Attitudes Test-26). Foi realizada estatística descritiva, inferencial (Kruskal-Wallis) e teste de correlação de Spearman utilizando o software SPSS 21.0 e adotando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Os testes de comparação não demonstraram diferenças para a insatisfação corporal (H (4, 92) = 3,534260, p = 0,47), checagem corporal (H (4, 92) = 3,154817, p = 0,53) e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares (H (4, 92) = 4,435904, p = 0,35) entre os cursos analisados. Foi encontrada associação significativa das variáveis checagem corporal e insatisfação corporal para quase todos os cursos, exceto Nutrição (rspearman = 0,01, p > 0,05), sendo Farmácia aquele que apresentou relação forte entre essas variáveis (rspearman superior a 0,80). Conclusões Conclui-se não haver diferenças significativas para as variáveis insatisfação corporal, checagem corporal e comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares entre as estudantes dos cursos da área de saúde. Destaca-se, contudo, variações na importância de algumas variáveis, como a checagem corporal, na construção da imagem corporal dos sujeitos.

ABSTRACT Objectives To compare body dissatisfaction, body-checking behaviors and risk behaviors for eating disorders among undergraduate students of different courses of health area, and to evaluate the relationship of body-checking behaviors and body dissatisfaction in each course. Methods A total of 92 undergraduate students aged between 18 and 35 years old from the city of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil, took part in this study. They filled self-report instrument about sociodemographic data, body dissatisfaction (Body Shape Questionnaire), body-checking behaviors (Body Checking Questionnaire) and risk behaviors for eating disorders (Eating Attitudes Test-26). Descriptive, inferential (Kruskal-Wallis test) and correlational (Spearman's Rank test) statistics were performed using SPSS 21.0 software and adopting a significance level of 5%. Results Comparison tests did not show differences in body dissatisfaction (H (4, 92) = 3.534260, p = 0.47), body-checking behavior (H (4, 92) = 3.154817, p = 0.53) or risk behaviors for eating disorders (H (4, 92) = 4.435904, p = 0.35) among the courses analyzed. There was a significant association between body-checking and body dissatisfaction for almost all courses, except for Nutrition (rspearman = 0.01, p > 0.05), with Pharmacy having a strong relationship between those variables (rspearman higher than 0.80). Conclusions It was concluded that there are no significant differences in body dissatisfaction, body-checking or risk behaviors for eating disorders among health area courses. We emphasize that some variables demonstrate differentiated importance in the construction of the subjects' body image, such as body-checking behaviors.

Imagem corporal na infância: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Body image in childhood: an integrative literature review

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a literatura científica referente à avaliação da imagem corporal em crianças por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Fontes de dados: Foi realizado um cruzamento das palavras-chave "body image" AND "child" nas bases de dados Scopus, Medline e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. A pesquisa eletrônica foi feita com base nos estudos publicados de janeiro de 2013 até janeiro de 2016, com o intuito de verificar os mais atuais sobre o tema. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos em duplicata; cujos resumos não estivessem disponíveis; não empíricos; que não avaliassem algum componente da imagem corporal; cuja amostra não considerasse a idade alvo da presente pesquisa (crianças de 0 a 12 anos); que considerassem populações clínicas; e estudos não disponíveis na íntegra. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificadas 7.681 referências e, após critérios de exclusão, 33 estudos foram analisados. Os resultados apontaram que as dimensões perceptiva e atitudinal, com foco na insatisfação corporal, têm sido exploradas, sendo avaliadas principalmente por escalas de silhuetas. Programas de intervenção foram desenvolvidos internacionalmente para prevenir o desenvolvimento de imagem corporal negativa em crianças. Conclusões: As pesquisas incluídas na presente revisão avaliaram aspectos específicos da imagem corporal de crianças, especialmente a percepção corporal e a insatisfação corporal. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de instrumentos específicos para crianças que busquem avaliar diferentes dimensões da imagem corporal, tendo em vista a promoção do bem-estar psicossocial dos indivíduos ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento humano.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the scientific literature regarding the evaluation of body image in children through an integrative literature review. Data source: An intersection of the keywords "body image" AND "child" was conducted in Scopus, Medline and Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) databases. The electronic search was based on studies published from January 2013 to January 2016, in order to verify the most current investigations on the subject. Exclusion criteria were: articles in duplicate; no available summaries; not empirical; not assessing any component of body image; the sample did not consider the target age of this research (0 to 12 years old) and/or considered clinical populations; besides articles not fully available. Data synthesis: 7,681 references were identified, and, after the exclusion criteria were implemented, 33 studies were analysed. Results showed that the perceptual and attitudinal dimensions focusing on body dissatisfaction were explored, mainly evaluated by silhouette scales. Intervention programs were developed internationally to prevent negative body image in children. Conclusions: The studies included in this review evaluated specific aspects of body image in children, especially body perception and body dissatisfaction. The creation of specific tools for children to evaluate body image is recommended to promote the psychosocial well being of individuals throughout human development.

Insatisfação e checagem corporal e comportamento alimentar em estudantes de Educação Física, Nutrição e Estética / Body dissatisfaction and body-checking and eating behavior in undergraduate in Physical Education, Nutrition and Aesthetics

Esse estudo objetivou verificar a correlação da checagem e da insatisfação corporal com o comportamento alimentar em acadêmicos dos cursos de Educação Física, Nutrição e Estética, assim como comparar as variáveis entre ambos os sexos. No total, participaram 207 acadêmicos, com idade entre 19 a 45 anos. Para avaliar a insatisfação com a imagem corporal em ambos os sexos foi utilizado o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Para a verificação do comportamento de checagem corporal foi utilizado o Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) em mulheres e o Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ) em homens. A fim de avaliar os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares foi utilizado o Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Além disso, foram coletados dados de massa corporal e estatura dos voluntários, através de um questionário sociodemográfico. A partir dos achados, na Educação Física as mulheres apresentaram maior média para insatisfação corporal (81,67 pontos) e para os comportamentos alimentares inadequados (13,13 pontos) quando comparadas aos homens (49,46 pontos e 6,49 pontos, respectivamente). No curso de Nutrição, o IMC (25,86) e a checagem corporal (1,29) foram estatisticamente maiores em homens quando comprados às mulheres do mesmo curso. Conclui-se que, a partir das análises de regressão, o comportamento alimentar foi correlacionado com a insatisfação corporal para os cursos de Educação Física e Estética. Nas estudantes de Nutrição, a insatisfação e a checagem corporal influenciaram o comportamento alimentar....(Au)

This study aimed to verify the correlation between body-checking and body dissatisfaction with eating behavior in undergraduate in Physical Education, Nutrition and Aesthetics, as well as to compare the variables between both sexes. In total, 207 students took part, aged between 19-45 years old. To assess the body image dissatisfaction in both sexes was used the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). To verify body-checking behaviors was used the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) for women and the Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ) for men. In order to assess risk behaviors for eating disorders was used the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). In addition, we collected body mass and height of the volunteers through a sociodemographic questionnaire. From the findings, Physical Education women had a higher average for body dissatisfaction (81.67 points) and inappropriate eating behaviors (13.13 points) than men (49.46 points and 6.49 points respectively). In the course of Nutrition, the BMI (25.86) and body-checking (1.29) were statistically higher in men when compared to women in the same course. We concluded that, in regression analyzes, eating behavior was correlated with body dissatisfaction in the courses of Physical Education and Aesthetics. In the Nutrition's female students, the dissatisfaction and body-checking influenced eating behavior....(AU)

Zika virus and pregnant women: A psychological approach.

Zika virus presents risk of physical harm to pregnant women, but the fear of infection is also affecting women around the world. There is a gap in the research on Zika virus in the areas involving the impact on the psychosocial well-being of pregnant women. Therefore, this study is aimed at the investigation of the psychosocial adjustment of pregnant women to the risks of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. We investigated 14 pregnant women who were classified in three different groups: six in the first trimester, five in the second trimester and three in the third trimester, aged from 28 to 40 years (33.43 ± 3.76 years). Content analysis was used to interpret data. Our results show that the psychosocial adjustment of participants was significantly negative and included five aspects: (1) negative feelings, (2) changes in family planning, (3) adopting new customs (avoiding places of risk, use of specific clothes and use of repellent), (4) changed attitudes regarding body image and (5) feeling of external demand regarding prevention. The fear of Zika virus infection and all its associated risks have a negative biopsychosocial impact on the pregnant women in this study.

Imagem corporal, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade em gestantes de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Body image, eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety in pregnant women of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo As mudanças vivenciadas pelas gestantes podem impactar negativamente as atitudes corporais e as variáveis associadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência das atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima, ansiedade e IMC na imagem corporal de gestantes. Este estudo quantitativo e transversal contou com 386 gestantes de todas as idades gestacionais, entre 18 a 46 anos de idade (média de 29,32 ± 6,04 anos) da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG. Foram aplicados instrumentos para avaliar atitudes corporais, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e obstétricos. Realizou-se análises estatísticas descritivas, comparativas e correlacionais. Os achados indicaram correlações significativas entre as atitudes corporais e: atitudes alimentares inadequadas (r = 0,478), sintomas depressivos (r = 0,387), baixa autoestima (r = 0,431) e elevado IMC (r = 0,339). Além disso, essas variáveis juntas exerceram influência de 41,4% sobre a imagem corporal negativa das gestantes. Assim, recomenda-se a avaliação e a orientação nutricional e psicológica a fim de detectar e prevenir psicopatologias, tendo em vista a saúde materna e infantil.

Abstract The experiences of change that pregnant women live through can have a negative effect on their bodily attitudes and the associated variables. This study aimed to establish the influence on pregnant women's body image of their eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, anxiety and body mass index. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional study, of 386 pregnant women of a range of child-bearing age - from 18 to 46 (mean 29.32 ± 6.04) - of the city of Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Instruments were applied to evaluate body attitudes, food attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety. Anthropometric and obstetric data were collected. Descriptive, comparative and correlational statistical analyses were made. The findings indicated significant correlations between body attitudes and: inadequate eating attitudes (r = 0.478), depressive symptoms (r = 0.387), low self-esteem (r = 0.431) and high BMI (r = 0.339). In addition, these variables together exerted an influence measured as 41.4% on the negative body image of the pregnant women. Thus, it is recommended that pregnant women should be assessed nutritionally and psychologically and given orientation in these aspects, in order to detect and prevent psychopathology, with a view to optimal maternal and child health.

Body dissatisfaction in women's artistic gymnastics: A longitudinal study of psychosocial indicators.

Body dissatisfaction is prevalent in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG). Cross-sectional research points to social and individual risk factors, however it does not account for potential changes in body dissatisfaction during an athletic season. This study aimed to determine how gymnasts' body dissatisfaction, risk factors for eating disorders, media internalisation, perfectionism and mood state change during pre-competition, competition and post-competition seasons and to identify how these psychosocial indicators impact on body dissatisfaction during the athletic year. The sample consisted of 20 Brazilian elite women's artistic gymnasts aged 10-16 years. Data were obtained from a 9-month study using: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Eating Attitude Test-26; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3); Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS); Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Body dissatisfaction was higher during the competition season and disordered eating, perfectionism and vigour values were higher in the pre-competition season. Disordered eating has been found as the strongest predictor of body dissatisfaction during all seasons, and mood state partly contributed to body dissatisfaction in the competitive season. Stakeholders should understand that body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of disordered eating may change over time.